Mechanical Engineering Is A Branch Of Science - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1191 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/06/13 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Discourse Community Essay Did you like this example? Mechanical Engineering is a branch of science, engineering to be exact, which deals with problem solving, designing and manufacturing. Quantitative data analysis and data simulations are two most important and basic discourse convention used by mechanical engineers to communicate effectively within their community. This depicts the importance given of this field to quantitative process-based approach. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mechanical Engineering Is A Branch Of Science" essay for you Create order Case Studies, Research Papers and Design Reviews are common/shared communication strategies used by people of this field to present their ideas. I will be examining this approach of quantitative data-based analysis in case studies, research papers and design reviews, while communicating amongst mechanical engineering professionals. I will be analyzing specific patterns of communication used in three published papers; A Comparison of Energy Consumption in Bulk Forming, Subtractive, and Additive Processes: Review and Case Study, by Hae-Sung Yoon et al., Study on Mechanical Properties of Natural Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composites: A Review, by M.R. Sanjay et al., and Comparing the Design Cognition of Concept Design Reviews of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering Designers, by John S. Gero et al. A Comparison of Energy Consumption in Bulk Forming, Subtractive, and Additive Processes: Review and Case Study, by Hae Sung Yoon et al. is a case study published in International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing Green Technology on July 2014. The text reviews the objectives, scopes and fundamentals of the research about reducing energy consumptions of manufacturing process. The review was concerned with energy consumption of three different manufacturing processes. Case study, however, used results of reviews and compared them with results of initial research, which highlighted the fact that all three processes followed a liner trend with respect to reciprocal form of productivity. The sentences used are assertive and are intended not to create any ambiguity. The use of acronym was noticeable as it saves a lot of time of both, writers and readers. Quantitative data was the heart of analysis of the data of the research. The writers and editors have put an extra care on these three linguistic approaches which is visible on this extract of the text All three process categories followed a linear trend with respect to the reciprocal form of the productivity. Similar to the SEC, the productivities associated with injection molding were ~100-fold higher than that of AM techniques. The MRR of subtractive processes also varied considerably, depending on the process scale. It is a conclusion of the research review and specific case study which asserts the result of the study with the help of quantitative data. Assertive statements present research result very effectively most of the times but it could cause a problem when results of the research are not definitive and are open for discussion. Acronyms could come very handy to get rid of sense of repetitiveness, but acronyms can cause ambiguity in research paper sometimes, thus clouding the understanding of the critical readers. Statistical data analysis is very good to present objective data, but case studies also need subjective analysis which is not possible if we use quantitative analysis and quantitative analysis alone. Study on Mechanical Properties of Natural Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composites: A Review, by M.R. Sanjay et al., is a research paper analyzing the mechanical properties of natural-glass fibre reinforced polymer composites published in Materials Today: Proceedings 2 on 2015. The researches weigh advantages and disadvantages of using natural fibres instead of synthesized composite polymer fibres. They conclude with the fact that natural fiber reinforced composites are used in many engineering applications, because of its superior properties such as specific strength, low weight, low cost, fairly good mechanical properties, non-abrasive, eco-friendly and bio-degradable characteristics. Incorporation of natural fibers with GFRP can improve the properties and used as an alternate material for glass fiber reinforced polymer composites. They do not use research result of any other sources. The text uses controlled research results based on a rigorous research approach. Past tensed third person were used to present the results of the research while Engineering jargons have been used anywhere possible. Compare and contrast approach has been used to prove natural fibres are better than composite fibres. The extracts from the text itself depicts the lingual approach of the writers better. The strength properties of natural fiber composites are somewhat lower, because of less stiff and typically less brittle. Reinforcing glass fiber into the sisal polypropylene composites enhanced tensile and flexural properties without any effect on tensile and flexural module. It has been used to persuade reader to accept their analysis of natural polymer being better than composite fibres. The writers, however, have not used quantitative approach to establish their fact, but instead used persuasive rhetorical technique to do so. Past tensed third person statements authorize the authenticity of the research but would not let writers to include a small but important experience of their research which might have changed the course of their entire research. Engineering jargons are effective way of communicating amongst professionals, but it would not be as persuasive as they would have expected it to be while actually executing the results of the research in real life situations. Comparing the Design Cognition of Concept Design Reviews of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering Designers, by John S. Gero et al. is a comparative review published in Design Thinking Research Symposium on 2014 at Purdue University. It provides preliminary results of comparing the design cognition of concept design review conversations of two product design disciplines: industrial design and mechanical engineering design. This paper extends the exploration of commonalities and differences of design cognition into the field of concept design review conversations, by comparing two cases of industrial design and mechanical engineering design review sessions. Based on these preliminary findings, the inter- disciplinary differences of design review sessions are mainly consistent with the patterns found in prior studies of commonalities and differences between industrial designers and mechanical engineers while designing. Industrial designers are generally more problem-focused than mechan ical engineering designers in both designing and review sessions. The writers use cautious language in an attempt not to support any of the designing approach instead plainly present the information. They use quantitative data analysis with effective data simulation to present unbiased, comparative summaries of the design review patterns used in different forms of engineering. They often use data and search results of researches made earlier. These lexical approaches are evident on this extract from the paper In general, these two design review sessions are solution-focused, indicated by the P-S Indexes being less-than-one. The inter- disciplinary differences of these two review sessions are revealed by inter-row comparisons in Table 3. The language use suggests the quantitative data analysis with the help of data simulations providing unbiased opinions about two interdisciplinary engineering fields. Though every pattern of communication is flawed in a way or a two, quantitative process-based approach and data simulations are two most widely used way of expressing their ideas in case studies, design reviews and research papers, amongst professionals of this field. I think they use these specific discourse conventions since statistical studies are well complemented by simulations as it provides process of generating data. Thus, they reduce chances of misinterpreting the results of the research.

Language Acquisition Is The Goal Of Both European And...

Language acquisition is the goal of both European and American educational systems. There are differences in approach between the two systems that create a discrepancy in the effectiveness of the education. The American system bases the need for dual language learning on need of students to learn English and the advantages of a second language for well-off students and usually ends by late elementary school. European schools base their entire school system on dual language for all students from primary through secondary school. With the stated goal being bilingual, the European educational system is superior to the American system. American Educational System The American educational system is established through the Department of Education and centered in Washington DC for all fifty states. The funding and testing requirements are not reflective of local communities and based on national standards and programs implemented at the local level. The historical goal of education in the United States has been to educate to a common goal of proficiency in reading, writing, and arithmetic based on the English language. All students are expected to learn English, and the Department of Education has established programs to enable the teaching of English to students who do not have English as their native language. Current regulations provide for bi-lingual education to address the needs of students needing to learn English to complete their education in the AmericanShow MoreRelatedThe International Level Through Foreign Language Acquisition And Increased Global Cultural Knowledge1634 Words   |  7 Pagescollaborate at the international level through foreign language acquisition and increased global cultural knowledge. New generations bring new ideas, goals and standards, thus the rational ignorance of American citizens will further prevent the United States from developing at its highest level. 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A quick literature search will reveal that research on this topic goes back as far as the 1800s. This is hardly surprising considering that at least half of the world’s population is bilingual (Grosjean, 2010, p. 13), with some European countries reaching rates as high as 99 percen t (European Commission, 2006, p. 3). Interestingly enough, until relativelyRead MoreOvercoming Social Exclusion : Stories From High Achieving American Indian Students9581 Words   |  39 Pages Overcoming Social Exclusion: Stories from High-Achieving American Indian Students Eryka Charley Pennsylvania State University Abstract The purpose of this qualitative study is to understand the educational experiences of a group of high-achieving American Indian students. Despite strong community value of the importance of obtaining an education, American Indian students struggle to succeed academically, and have the lowest high school graduation rates in the United States (Brayboy

Is It Difficult Being an African-American Free Essays

Being a young African-American male in today’s society causes me to question my worth as a human being. I question my worth because of the way that African-American people have been treated in this society over the past years. On a daily basis, African Americans are treated differently because of their skin tone and how certain people feel about us. We will write a custom essay sample on Is It Difficult Being an African-American or any similar topic only for you Order Now I know that our lives matter and are just as important as any other ethnic group. We have a history and stories waiting to be told about our lives. The history of African Americans has always been plagued by a triple-edged sword including race, class, and gender. As slaves, our ancestors were treated as animals and their living conditions were deplorable, little space and fresh air. They were placed in areas that were unsanitary and that were shared with rodents and insects that carried disease. But, that was long ago right, wrong. Unfortunately, there are still places in the United States were African American communities are living in less than adequate conditions. This existence I thought was, to quote Reynolds, 2003, â€Å"is about real human beings who have thoughts, feelings, and emotions, who are not merely names and numbers†¦ people who hurt, who care, who are connected to all of us, when one hurts, we all hurt, one way or the other†, p. 51. This I must admit was my naive way of viewing the world. As I look back over the history of Hyde Park, it is astonishing the amount of eco-racism the community has experience in my lifetime and since its conception. The land was initially swampland that was filled with well, swamp creatures. To generate more money and fatten the pockets of the mostly male white society, the swamp was drained and filled and the land was set aside to be sold to â€Å"Negros† who dreamed of owning land. These Negros were descendants of sharecroppers and this opportunity was golden. Many families that bought land in Hyde Park had jobs working at the many surrounding factories, so the location was perfect and their children would be able to attend the prestigious Lucy Craft Laney High School. With these opportunities, the hope of Hyde Park began. Little did I know that an African American neighborhood between two railroad tracks, surrounded by a four-lane highway, dirt roads, and no county water was set aside as an island, a no-man’s land, a place for â€Å"others†. Why would the city of Augusta allow companies such as Georgia Power, a recycling center, a salvage yard, Thermal Ceramics, Georgia Southern Railroad, and other environmentally hazardous companies affect human beings, a human population, to be poisoned? Since the civilization of man, the world has been based on oppressive acts that have been majorly forced upon people of color. These people of color have become the different races that are portrayed as lower beings of the socio-economical ladder. These races of people include African Americans, Hispanic, Latino, Native Americans, West Indian, and the list can go on. Due to the low socio-economic status of these people, they are often situated in areas of environmental degradation, which results in an increase in health problems. These living conditions are not the fault of the residents, but are the repercussions of the capitalistic society in which we live; a society in which human life has little value, especially if the pigmentation of the skin is hued, and having this type of skin places them in social construction. Therefore, we can conclude that after a careful examination of history there is a pattern of hatred toward our race. Not only is it the place that I hold dear to my heart is in such degradation but this environment is going to be left for the many children that will inherit this Earth along with its environmental issues. Being that community has lost its luster, it is now termed a ghetto and therefore its existence has been devalued by society. Shelby (2006) makes this observation about the criteria for American ghettos, â€Å"American ghettos are marked by three core characteristics—race, space, and poverty. Specifically, ghettos are (1) predominantly black, (2) urban neighborhoods, (3) with high-poverty rates. â€Å", (p. 6), and unfortunately for the residents of Hyde Park, it fits these characteristics. Also, where ever there is a major environmental crisis there is a prevalence of crime and drug usage. These types of social problem are due to the devaluation and dehumanization of the human life. It seems as if the color of our skin is compared to leapers; to be put away, hidden from society becoming, dependent upon the â€Å"scraps’ of those who oppress as if we have no ability to think. Environmental racism is as to the environment as malignancy is to the United States, deadly. One might think that the United States after its historical Civil Rights movement would be the last to succumb to such inhumane plights, but it has. Racism has never failed to exist in our society; it has just been transformed and redirected. The blatant â€Å"whites only† signs and public lynching’s have been replaced by the agonizing realization that â€Å"they don’t really care about us† as we wonder about our unspoken crime in this world, our race. We have been victims of colonization to where we question our culture, families, and contributions without collectively questioning society. Regardless of what we have been accused of as a people, it is not our industries that lay waste in the environment all for the name of profit. Racism has been linked to environmental planning and has been found to be a common practice in governmental policies that weave its intricate web through mainstream society, which includes the high exposure to health risk in minorities. Unfortunately, minorities are at an economic disadvantage and their quality of life is threatened; therefore, their only recourse is to fight for their lives. We all share the environment; it provides our natural as well as our physical world everything is interconnected. All human beings are affected by the degradation of land, water, air, and their health. When this degradation is intentionally directed at people of color the ugly head of racism is once more unearthed and environmental racism is perpetuated. In particular, African American communities are finding themselves in the throes of this crisis. Several studies have concluded that the practice of environmental racism is prevalent and disturbing echoing a critical analysis of how society views African Americans. Although African Americans are members of society, they are often faced with more social injustices than any other race, especially in the southern United States. How to cite Is It Difficult Being an African-American, Papers

Sensodyne free essay sample

Identify differentiating competitive advantages of the brand you have chosen. Howmany differences does the company promote and which ones are they? Ferrero’s competitive advantage and differences offered in their product. Today’s Ferrero growth strategies are mostly based on its own strength such as brand development in the worldwide market rather than a development in scope of Europe market. Their success was achieved by excellent products which are offered to the market under band name of Nutella and Rocher, for example (Cambireri 2011). Some of the competitive advantage and differences they are creating compared to competitors will be analyzed in the following points. Firstly, innovation is one the most competitive advantage of Ferrero which are always reflected in all new products in the market. They are developing and achieving the success through supporting Ferrero core brands rather than they do business through mergers or acquisitions as most of successful companies in the market. At this point, their new products are always kept up to changes in the consumer preferences and needs, which distinguish their products from other competitors and create an impression for customers after they using Ferrero’s products and services. For example, when one of their products, say Kinder Joy was developed in 1960s, the guidelines for using this product included a portion control which helps parents moderate their children’s consumption. This special feature of the product makes Kinder Joy brand become very popular choice for all parents all around the world(Food Beverage Reporter, 2009). Secondly, Ferrero owns some well-known brand such as Ferrero Rocher, Nuttela. It is playing important role in make consumers all around the world well recieved and accept its range of products. Consumers are not only directly using the product of Ferrero, but also, they are buying these products as special gift for their friends and relationships in the important day such as Mother’s days or Christmas (Food Beverage Reporter, 2009). Thirdly, Ferrero’s in-store execution is also a key advantage for the brand of Nuttela which will help the company achieve greater sales in these products because they are very adaptable to changing needs of the market in different occasion. Therefore, their products are always available in the store to supply for key occasions such as Easter and Valentine’s Day (Food Beverage Reporter, 2009). Fourthly, the foundation of some large manufacturing plants is eventually likely to make some products of Ferrero become more mainstream. They developed 80% of its all factory and seem independently to operate the production process so that they can control and monitor the highest quality of products as well as offer a reasonable price to consumer at different market segmentation. This special ability of Ferrero also bring another advantage is that competitors will find difficulty in nominate the product features of Ferrero. In addition, the development of a large portfolio in global market resulting in an extensive range of Ferrero brands and makes them more popular in the secondary market (Food Beverage Reporter, 2009) Lastly, they offer not only good quality for products but also make the physical feature become more outstanding. For example, they create Nuttla jar larger as about 5% as than their competitors’ products. The larger jar will help the company achieve competitive edge because it attracts more American consumers because some suppose that the bigger the better (Brandluxuryindex, 2001). Positioning statement The Ferrero company has different range of products for targeting different kind of people. We can see from Ferrero Rocher products which is targeting luxury chocolate for special occasion with main competitors like lindt chocolate and Belgium chocolate and they try to compete with same quality with chipper price. Moreover they are targeting inexpensive market to compete with kitkat and Mars with surprising kinder eggs. In order to be successful in chocolate market this company came to an new idea by differentiating new taste and new technology of making chocolate like Ferrero rocher which has rounded shape and kinder eggs which has surprising gift for entertaining children. Positioning map Interoperation of positioning map The positioning below is showing that how Ferreo targeting chocolate market with a premium brand like Ferrero rocher and how this company want to perceived by the premium brand and kinder brand want to perceived as low  price with low quality in chocolate. They are two main competitors in these areas like Belgium chocolates which have better quality(Quality means means differentiation in taste in this case because there isn’t any definition of quality in choclate) but the price is higher in luxurious market and kit kat in inexpensive product which targeting low price market. Perceptional map Interoperation of perceptional map Perception of different kind of people about the product which company was targeting wasn’t that much different! From what we gathered, all people categorized low price chocolate perceived in the same position while perception of premiums chocolate were as similar as positioning map. This analyzing showed that what this company is targeting is appropriate but they are medium quality with medium price gap between this map which this company try to make it complete by introducing other brands like kinder bueno and happy hippo brands.

Bird Watching free essay sample

In this research paper about birds and bird watching it includes the learning of what exactly bird watching is, the best places to bird watch in the world, where to find birds for bird watching, the greatest time of year (seasons), as well as the worst time to consider bird watching, the many diverse species of birds that you might see at the various different bird watching locations in the world, and even the supplies needed while bird watching. The Study of Birds and Bird Watching Information Bird watching, some call it birding, is a hobby where you stare and observe birds in the wild in their natural, home environment. People have been spotting, watching, and studying birds for hundreds of years. Trying to find out more about the many different types of birds we see today. Bird watchers of today identify the birds they spot by taking pictures or drawing sketches of them, but a few centuries back, they used to shoot and mount the birds that they identified in their natural habitat. We will write a custom essay sample on Bird Watching or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the most famous bird watchers was John Audubon. He killed hundreds of birds including new species he found. He then drew or sketched drawings of these finds which were published in 1840. Audubon got a high amount of praise for these drawings and sketches. Later, The Audubon Society was created in the early nineteen hundreds. It was created in appreciation of the huge role he made to the discovery, identification and description of bird species in the U. S. It was also created to help protect the habitat for threatened and endangered bird species, to inform communities about birds, and to encourage more scientific expansion pertaining to the life of birds and how we can help them. wiseGEEK,2011) The best time of the day to go bird watching for birds that hunt during the day is  in the morning or at dusk. One  to  two hours after dawn and then one to  two hours before the sun finishes setting. The best time to start bird watching is around 7 a. m. and to finish around 11 a. m. At that time of the day, the raptors are most active because their food sources are most active during the d ay and the raptors are usually hungry after the long night. Eagles and hawks use  thermals  to help them take  off and soar. That’s why we can see them a few hours after sunrise, when the air warms up and the thermals are developed. (www. thinkquest. org/, 1992) For the birds that hunt at night, the best time to watch is between 11p. m. and 3 a. m. The most appropriate weather to bird watch would be days with strong winds. Days with heavy rain are not suitable for bird-watching because it’s not likely that the birds will fly around when it’s raining. (Birding. com, February, March, May,  and  October are the months in which bird watching is the most popular. In the month of February, birds try to locate places where  they can  build their homes. The majority of the birds will come back to the same place every year. They soar around often while locating a home with their songs claiming their reproduction territory. The month of March is a month of courtship flying. (www. library. thinkquest. org, 2007) Male birds draw in the females with songs or stunning feathers. In April,  the birds typically hatch their offspring and probably won’t be flying much. In the month of May,  the adult-raptors are flying around and getting food for their offspring. In June,  young offspring are being taught to fly, and seeing young fall while learning is a not uncommon. We can  observe  birds without buying any particular equipment, there are several things that may help you see a bird, hearing,  or recording birds. A digital camera would come in handy. If you see a bird that you don’t know or recognize, you might want to take a picture of it, and then show the picture to an expert or compare the picture to the pictures in your field guide. If bird watching becomes ahobby, it will be worth buying a camera with very sharp lenses and zoom to get the most detail as possible of the unfamiliar bird. A pair of binoculars or a telescope makes the bird seem closer to you, making you able to see the close up details of the bird. While on a bird watching trip, many people bring a pair of binoculars or a telescope, sometimes even a bird guide. These bird guides will help you to spot and know what certain bird species are. Although the majority of bird watchers are pretty well-informed, a guide confirm identification of birds spotted, and helps birders who may be traveling in land they haven’t explored before. Many bird watchers have a â€Å"bird watching life list†, which is a paper that they carry around that helps them to keep up with the birds they have seen and the birds they haven’t seen yet. Also, a sound recorder would be helpful. Since it can be hard to identify some types of birds, you could record what you hear and   play it back later for identification by an expert. Extra gear that a bird watcher may find to need include heavy weight boots for different land they aren’t used to and layered clothes to help deal with the changing weather. As for Florida, it’s thought of as â€Å"a birdwatchers paradise. The perfectly mild weather, location and diverse surroundings attract over 470 different species of birds. Many experienced bird watchers suggest getting a field guide for the area where you would want to go birding. A field guide is a booklet with  images  of the birds and guidelines for classifying them. After you become comfortable with the v arieties of birds in your area, bird watchers say people interested in bird watching would like to have the National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America in the 3rd edition. For young birders, we recommend the Peterson First Guide: Birds. It explains and depicts 188 typical birds and it will not be too much to take in. Another recommended read is the Stokes Field Guides. (http://www. birding. com, 2011) To attract birds to watch, providing food, water, nesting materials, and natural habitat can attract birds to your backyard, and making it easier to spot them for bird watching. Almost 80 percent of wildlife habitat in the United States is in private lands, and an average of 2. 1 million acres each year is converted to residential use. Probably the easiest way to attract birds would be by getting a bird feeder. Birds are attracted to black-oil sunflower seeds. It’s high in fat, and because it’s so small, it’s easier for the birds to handle and to crack open. Different bird species have different preferences, but almost all will eat the sunflower seed, or mixtures of different seeds. Some enjoy suet, beef kidney fat. Hummingbirds prefer nectar. Species such as jays, nuthatches, and woodpeckers, readily consume peanuts. Also allowable would be popped popcorn (unsalted, no butter) shelled sunflower seeds, peanut hearts, soaked rasins, pieces of fruit, like oranges, fruit seeds of melons or apples, and grapes. Birds chew their food in the muscular part of their stomach called the gizzard. To help with the grinding, birds swallow small, hard materials such as sand, small pebbles, ground eggshells, and ground oyster shells. Grit, therefore, attracts many birds by itself. Oyster and egg shells have the added benefit of being a good source of calcium, something birds need during egg laying. If you decide to provide eggshells, be sure to disinfect them first. You can boil them for 10 minutes or heat them in an oven (20 minutes at 250 degrees). Let the eggshells cool; then crush them into pieces about the size of sunflower seeds. Put the crushed up eggshell in a dish or low platform feeder, separate from your seed feeders. (birds. cornell. com,2011) Birds like woodpeckers and chickadees build holes in tree trunks for nesting and roosting. Species such as wrens, bluebirds, and some ducks and owls nest in cavities that other birds have made. Nest boxes provide birds a place to raise their chicks. Different birds build different types of nests, from twig piles to hanging cups. For the best results, learn what types of nests your regular backyard birds prefer and offer nesting sites that are best for their needs. birding. com, 2011) You should provide shelter at different levels for birds that prefer both high and low shelters. Shelters near feeders are popular with birds since they can quickly retreat if they feel threatened by feeding. (aboutbirding. com,2011) You can also use plants as shelter for some birds. Some of the birds eat what is on those plants, so it could double up where the plant would be not just a food source, but shelter as well. A place with clean water may attract different types of birds for drinking and bathing spot. A few alternatives for a bird bath would be ponds, waterfalls, or streams. Moving or flowing water will attract the most birds because they are more visible to the birds and they can also hear them from far distances. Birds that in winter need water, especially when ponds and streams are frozen. Thats a chance for birdwatchers to attract birds to the backyard by setting out a small bird bath. Around the world there are many places you can bird watch but here are the ones that are considered the best places in the entire world to bird watch. First, in Southern Arizona. Around the Tucson and the San Pedro River, is one of the finest areas of North America for year-round bird-watching. Its grasslands, wetlands, forests and narrow canyons with creeks are the ideal place for birds in the area. Conservation areas such as the Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge are good if you want to look for gray hawks, or the San Pedro Riparian National Conservation Area for vermilion flycatchers. Types of quails, roadrunners and, five types of hummingbird are found in the southern part of Arizona. Also good is the natural parts of Florida. Florida has great diversity in habitat and vast areas with both temperate and subtropical climates. Consequently its home to a wide variety of birds, from the burrowing owl to the cerulean warbler, the crested caracara to the bobwhite quail. A great many are found only there, which makes a visit at any time of year a unique experience. The Florida snail kite lives in the everglades and feeds almost exclusively on apple snails in the shallow fresh water, the Florida scrub jay prefers sparsely covered land with low trees, while the Florida grasshopper sparrow inhabits prairies, eating insects and seeds. Eilat, in southern Israel, is perfect for birding. Its on a major migratory route which brings 400 species over in spring and autumn. The mountains have black kites, levant sparrow hawks and lanner falcons, while the northern rift valley and the meadows, salt marshes and parks around the city include buff-bellied and red-throated pipits, scrub jays, warblers, Timmins’s larks and desert finches. The International Birding and Research Centre arrange night tours to see pharaoh eagle owls and Nubian nightjars. This Caribbean island is home to 350 bird species that are only found there. One of them, the bee hummingbird, is the smallest bird in the world. It’s only two inches long. Its wings beat 80 times per second. The best areas for bird-watching are the undeveloped natural regions, In mangrove swamps or the limestone formations in the Vinales national park for the chance to see roseate spoonbills, zapata wrens, Fernandinas flicker and Cuban pygmy-owls. Wollongong, Australia one hours drive from Sydney, is one of the best places in the world for seabirds. 108 different species of birds have been spotted in these waters. Of the 108 species, there are Solanders petrel, the rarely seen mottled petrel, the abundant wedge-tailed shearwater and the uncommon manx shearwater. Of the 20 species of albatross seen here, you can find an Indian yellow nose. A trip inland to the Blue Mountains you might catch a look at of a satin bowerbird, a red-browed tree creeper or the common rock warbler. Falsterbo in southern Sweden is the spot for the autumn migration of about 500 million birds from northern Europe and Russia each year. You can see half a million bramblings and chaffinches in just one morning. The lighthouse at Ottenby, is a good base to see their modest numbers. The lighthouse is surrounded by heathland, and you can see not only vast flocks of larks, buntings and pipits but also raptors such as honey buzzards, red kites, ospreys, merlins and goshawks. The Camargue, a enormous wetland in the middle of the river Rhone delta, is one of the most important birding areas in western Europe. On the migration route from North Africa, it provides a rest-and-refueling stop for many species, as well as being a protected nesting site for thousands of greater flamingos in late spring and early summer. (Close by are the hills of Les Alpilles, where you can spot Bonellis eagle and the blue rock thrush. To the east of the marshy Camargue is an area called La Crau which, curiously, is completely dry and home to pin-tailed sandgrouse and other desert birdlife. (The Gaurdian,2008) Goa, India has rich and diverse birdlife. It has a mixture of habitats coastal, mangroves, forest, river estuaries and cultivated fields to support a wide range of different species of birds. In the paddy fields you can see golden plover, ruddy breasted crakes and cinnamon bitterns with others, while in the grasslands youll find yellow-wattled lapwing and ashy-crowned finch-lark. On quiet beaches such as Morjim there are brahminy starlings, barred buttonquail and the hard-to-spot crab plover. If youre lucky you may have an bump into the striking white-bellied sea eagle. The Tatras national park, an area of Slovakia on the Polish border, is the place to find owls. Ural, Tengmalms and pygmy owls and the Eurasian eagle-owl all nest in the area. The high, forested mountains are well-known in their deciduous sections for at least five types of woodpecker, including the Syrian and grey-headed. Where corncrakes have all but disappeared from our landscape, here their grating call can often be heard in the meadows. (The Gaurdian,2008) Higher up the mountains, in the conifer forests, you can find capercaillie, hazel and black grouse. Eagles and sakers can be found flying in the sky.

Financial and Ratio Analysis for Vodafone The WritePass Journal

Financial and Ratio Analysis for Vodafone INTRODUCTION (VODAFONE) Financial and Ratio Analysis for Vodafone INTRODUCTION (VODAFONE)BACKGROUND OF VODAFONEMAIN BODYCOMPARISON OF ABSOLUTESCOMPARISON OF BALANCE SHEETRATIO ANALYSISWWWBBBWWBBWWWBWWRATIO ANALYSISINTERPETATION OF RATIOSIMPACT OF CURRENT EVENTS ON VODAFONECONCLUSIONREFERENCE LIST:APPENDIX 1 (BALANCE SHEET)APPENDIX 2 (INCOME STATEMENT)Related INTRODUCTION (VODAFONE) VODAFONE is one of the largest telecommunication operators throughout the world. Vodafone made the first call in United Kingdom on 1st January 1985. Before that Vodafone was subsidy of Racal Electronics. After Racal electronics got demerged in 1991 the name was changed to VODAFONE GROUP PLC. Vodafone started in 1985 with 50 employees and increased rapidly to 5,000 employees and in 2004 the strength was almost near to 60,000 and by the end of financial year 2009 the number of employees reached to 79,000. I have chosen Vodafone because it is a big brand name in telecommunication industry. Vodafone not only operate in U.K. but throughout the world Vodafone has acquired almost every continent. Within two decades, Vodafone has become the telecommunications leader in Global Systems for Mobile networks (GSM). Vodafone was ranked the second largest multinational in 2004 by the World Investment report. Vodafone Group Plc provides an extensive range of mobile telecommunications services, including voice and data communications, and is the worlds largest mobile telecommunications company. , with a significant presence in Continental Europe, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Far East through the Companys subsidiary undertakings, associated undertakings and investments. Vodafones goal is to integrate data services and telecommunication into a worldwide network. (Vodafone official website) It is operated throughout the world in some countries if the brand name is not a Vodafone but still it is having a joint venture with other local telecommunications operator such as in Japan. In India the Vodafone started as Hutchinson Essar but later on took over that and changed the name to Vodafone Essar. The Vodafone is known for its services throughout the world. The Vodafone story is one of investment, innovation and award-winning customer service. Above all, it’s one of growth and the ability to deliver the tremendous benefits of mobile communications, not just in the UK but worldwide. These are the reason for choosing the Vodafone group PLC for the ratio analysis. (Vodafone official website) BACKGROUND OF VODAFONE Vodafone group PLC is twenty year old multinational company of United Kingdom, one of the leading firms in telecommunication sector throughout the world. Vodafone made the first call in United Kingdom on 1st January 1985. Before that Vodafone was subsidy of Racal Electronics. Then known as Racal Telecom Limited, approximately 20% of the companys capital was offered to the public in October 1988. It was fully demerged from Racal Electronics Plc and became an independent company in September 1991, at that time it changed its name to Vodafone Group Plc. The Vodafone story is one of investment, innovation and award-winning customer service. Above all, it’s one of growth and the ability to deliver the tremendous benefits of mobile communications, not just in the UK but worldwide. (Vodafone official website) Vodafone group PLC has become the telecommunication leader in Global System of Mobile Networks (GSM) in past two decades. Vodafone has grown rapidly throughout the globe so it is one of the largest telecommunication industries in the world. Vodafone started in 1985 with 50 employees and increased rapidly to 5,000 employees and in 2004 the strength was almost near to 60,000 and by the end of financial year 2009 the number of employees reached to 79,000. (Vodafone official website) In past few years Vodafone has strived for continuous growth and success. The group has spread not only in Europe but also to Africa, Asia, and Australia at a rapid rate. In 1993 Vodafone Group International is formed to acquire licences and supervise overseas interests. In 1994 VO data is the first network operator in the UK to launch data, fax and SMS services over the digital network. In 1996 Vodafone is the first network operator in the UK to launch a Pre-Pay analogue packages. In 1999 on 5 January Vodafone connects with the five million customers in the UK. In 1999 Vodafone Air Touch Plc is created as a result of a successful merger between Vodafone Group Plc and Air Touch Communications Inc. In 2000 The Global star satellite communications service is launched in the UK. In 2000 Vodafone acquires the largest available 3G license in the UK. In parallel with the development of 3G, Vodafone announces its intention to offer GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) to UK corporate custome rs. In 2000 the acquisition of Mannesmann AG almost doubles the size of the Vodafone Group making it the largest mobile telecommunications company and one of the top ten companies, by market capitalization, in the world. In 2001 Vodafone makes the world’s first 3G roaming call between Spain and Japan. (Vodafone official website) In 2002 Vodafone group contributed  £ 20 million to community program and Vodafone trials its global mobile payment system in the UK, Italy and Germany and launched the first commercial European GPRS roaming service. In 2003 Vodafone live attracts 1 million customers in its first six months. In 2004 Vodafone live with 3G is launched in 13 markets worldwide and also launched its first 3G service in Europe with the Vodafone Mobile Connect 3G/GPRS data card. (Vodafone official website) In 2005 Vodafone completes acquisition of control of MobiFon in Romania and Oskar in the Czech Republic. Vodafone reaches 165 million proportionate customers and also announced new four year sponsorship of the England Cricket Team. VODAFONE also acquired 10% of economic interest in Bharti Tele-Ventures in India. Vodafone announces new football sponsorship with the UEFA Champions League in 2005 only. Acquisition of the assets was acquired in Telsim in Turkey.   Vodafone signed contract with McLaren and Mercedes for the Title Sponsorship in 2005. Vodafone announces completion of acquisition of 10% economic interest in Bharti Tele-ventures in India. (Vodafone official website) In 2006 completed the sale of Vodafone Sweden and Vodafone Japan to Softbank. Also announced the completion of acquisition of the assets of Telsim in Turkey Vodafone and Softbank agree to form mobile partnership.  Ã‚   Sale of 25% stake in Switzerlands Swisscom and Belgiums Proximus.   South Africa increased stakes from 15% to 50 %. Also the group share holding in Netherlands increased to 100% and also acquired outstanding shares. In 2006 group also acquired the telecommunication in Italy and Spain for  £537 millions.   (Vodafone official website) In 2007 Vodafone agrees to buy a controlling interest in Hutchison Essar Limited, a leading operator in the fast growing Indian mobile market. Also agrees to buy a controlling interest in Hutchison Essar Limited. Vodafone agrees to acquire Tele2 Italia Spa and Tele2 Telecommunication Services SLU from Tele2 AB Group. Indus Towers Limited, an independent tower company in India is formed between Vodafone, Idea and Bharti.   (Vodafone official website) In 2008 the Vodafone group increased the share in Arcos for  £366 million and after that owns the 100% Arcos group. Vodafone also acquired Ghana telecommunication for  £486 million. In the last quarter of 2008 the Vodafone group increased the stake in Polkomtel in Poland from 4.8% to 24.4% for  £171 million.   (Vodafone official website) In 2009 Hutchinson and Vodafone agree to merge Australian telecom operations to form the 50:50 joint ventures. Telefonica and Vodafone announce milestone Pan European collaboration to share network infrastructure in Germany, Spain, Ireland and the UK. Vodafone completed the full merger between Vodafone Australia Limited and Hutchinson 3G Australia Pty Limited.   (Vodafone official website) MAIN BODY COMPARISON OF ABSOLUTES STATISTIC 2009 2008 VARIATION â€Å"B/W†  £(MILLION)  £ (MILLION) REVENUE 41,017 35,478 15.61% B COST OF SALES 25,842 21,890 18.05% W OPERATING PROFIT 5,857 10,047 -41.64% W PROFIT AFTER TAX 3,080 6,756 -54.41% W FIXED ASSETS 139,670 118,546 17.81% B COMPARISON OF BALANCE SHEET   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   SOURCES   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   USES 2009 2008 2009 2008   (MILLION)   (MILLION)   (MILLION) (MILLION) EQUITY 84,777 76,471 FIXED ASSETS 13,96,70 11,85,46 DEBT 39,975 28,826 STOCK 412 417 DEBTORS 7,662 6,551 OTHER 4,955 1756 TOTAL C.A 13,029 8,724 TRADE CREDITORS 13,398 11,962 BORROWINGS 9624 4532 Others 4,925 5,479 TOTAL C.L 27,947 21,973 CAPITAL EMPLOYED 12,4752 10,5297 T.A-C.L 12,4752 10,5297 RATIO ANALYSIS RATIO   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2009   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2008   Ã‚   B/W ROCE =OPERATING PROFIT * 100 / TOTAL ASSETS – C.LIABILITIES 5857*100/12,4752 4.69% 10047*100/10,5297 9.54% W MARGIN(net profit ratio)=OPERATING PROFIT * 100 / SALES 5857*100/41,017 14.27% 10,047*100/35,478 28.31% W ASSETS TURN OVER RATIO= SALES / TOTAL ASSETS – C. LIABILITIES 41,017/12,4752 0.32Times 35,478/10,5297 0.33times W COST OF SALES RATIO= COST OF   SALES*100/SALES 25,842*100/41,017 63.00% 21,890*100/35,478 61.70% B STOCK TURN OVER RATIO IN DAYS = STOCK * 365 / COST OF SALES 412*365/25,842 5.81 DAYS 417*365/21,890 6.95 DAYS B FIXED ASSET RATIO TURN OVER IN DAYS=SALES/ FIXED ASSTES 41,017/13,9670 0.29 35,478/11,8546 0.29 B TRADE CREDITORS TURN OVER RATIO = CREDITORS * 365 / COST OF SALES 13,398*365/25,842 189.2DAYS 11,962*365/21,890 199.4DAYS W TRADE DEBTORS TURN OVER RATIO=   DEBTORS * 365   / SALES 7662*365/41,017 68.18DAYS 6551*365/35,478 67.39DAYS W CURRENT RATIO= CURRENT ASSETS / C. LIABILITIES 13,029/27,947 0.46 8724/21,973 0.39 B QUICK RATIO= C. ASSETS / C. LIABILITIES – STOCK 13,029 412/27,947 0.45 8,724 – 417/21,973 0.37 B GEARING RATIO= DEBT * 100 / EQUITY + DEBT 39,975*100/12,4752 32.04% 28,826*100/10,5297 27.37% W DEBT TO EQUITY= DEBT * 100 / EQUITY 39,975*100/84,777 47.15% 28,826*100/76,471 37.69% W RETURN ON EQUITY= PROFIT AFTER TAX   * 100/ EQUITY 3,080*100/84,777 3.63% 6,756*100/76,471 8.83% W SALES PER EMPLOYEE= RVENUE/NO. OF EMPLOYEES 41017/79,097*  £51856 35,478/72,375  £49016 B MARK UP RATIO=GROSS PROFIT*100/COST OF SALES 15,175*100/25,842 58.72% 13,588*100/21,890 62.07% W GROSS PROFIT RATIO= GROSS PROFIT*100/ REVENUE 15,175*100/41,017 36.99% 13,588*100/35,478 38.29% W RATIO ANALYSIS Ratio analysis is a method which can be used to evaluate the account of business. Ratio analysis is an important aspect of the analysis because the ratio analysis provides quick and easy result to the organisation. Ratio analysis is easy to go through as compared to balance sheet and income statement. This analysis also helps company to determine whether the organisation is achieving its desired goals and also helps to evaluate how its competitors are going on. (Jones, Ed 2006; Dyson, 2007) The ratios are divided into 4 categories: Liquidity ratio:      1.Current asset ratio 2. Acid test ratio Profitability ratio:   1. Return on capital employed (ROCE) 2. Gross profit ratio 3. Mark up ratio 4. Net profit ratio Efficiency ratio:      1. Stock turnover ratio 2. Fixed asset turnover ratio 3. Trade debtor collection period 4. Trade creditor payment period Investment ratio:        1. Dividend yield ratio 2. Dividend cover ratio 3. Earnings per share ratio 4. Price ratio 5. Capital gearing ratio INTERPETATION OF RATIOS Profitability ratio:   These ratios helps organisation to analyse how profitable is business operating. This is the key ratio o it is watched by the internal management and external share holders. This ratio includes following ratios: 1.   Return on capital employed: This ratio tells how efficient company is using its capital employed. This also helps organisation to know whether the organisation is generating the adequate profit in relation to the investment. As in the case of VODAFONE the ROCE in 2008 was 9.54% and then this fall down in 2009 to 4.69%. As the figures shows the operating profit in 2008 was 10,047 and in 2009 operating profit was 5,857 as it dropped almost to half and capital employed increased to almost 1/4th  so return on capital employed is going down and is not good for the organisation. So the VODAFONE need to invest their capital in right manner for the future growth. (Jones, Ed 2006; www. findoutinfo.com) 2.   Gross profit ratio: This ratio plays the vital role in business. This ratio tells about the profit earned through selling the product or service after buying from wholesaler. In 2008 gross profit ratio for VODAFONE was 38.29% where as in 2009 the ratio dropped to 36.99% there is decrease of almost 1.2% which indicates that net profit is going down. The reason for the deprecation might be the rise in goodwill cost and equipments which company might have bought in this time span. But even though due to world economic recession the company did not have the huge difference between the gross profit between year 2008 and 2009. (Jones, Ed 2006; www.zimbio.com) 3.   Mark up ratio: This is gross profit divided by the cost of sales*100. In 2008 the ratio was 62.07% and in 2009 the ratio again came down to 58.71% this might be because as it was the period of world recession so in order to survive in the market VODAFONE might have reduced their mark up price so in order to retain more customers during the global slowdown. (Dyson,1991) 4.   Net profit ratio and Margin ratio: This is another financial indicator and one of the most important ratios. This ratio is calculated after all the expenses are paid by the organisation. This can also help the organisation to compare its net profit for the previous years. The net profit ratio for VODAFONE in 2008 was 28.31% whereas in 209 it was 14.27%. The reason behind the downfall of the net profit ratio is might be VODAFONE has increased their administrative cost and exceptional operating items due to which net profit ratio may decrease. As the operating profit has decreased so that could be the other reason for the downfall of net profit ratio. Margin ratio: This ratio helps the organisation to analyse the profit on the goods and services sold in the year. In the case of VODAFONE there is no variation in the profit margin for the year 2008 is 14.27% and 2009 is 28.31%. The reason behind this must be that there is competition in the telecommunication sector so they might h ave increased their margin to get more revenue.   (Pizzy, 2001; www.findtheinfo.com; Jones, Ed 2006; www.zimbio.com) Efficiency ratio:   These ratios help in analysing the effectiveness of business. This also helps to tell how long it will take for the organisation to pay its debtors and creditors. This includes following ratio: 5.   Trade debtor’s turnover ratio: this ratio helps to calculate how long and how many days will customer take to pay his debt to the company. This can be worked on the daily, weekly and monthly basis. In the case of VODAFONE debtors take 67.39 days in 2008 and in 2009 the days rose to 68.18 days. So it is almost the same in both the years without any major increase in the days. So the reason might be that VODAFONE is using its current assets efficiently. In order to improve more in this sector VODAFONE cut their debtors day to 1 month which will help them to run more efficiently so that would be good for the organisation. (Jones, Ed 2006; www.zimbio.com) 6.   Trade creditor’s turnover ratio: This is opposite to trade debtors and shows how long organisation takes to pay its creditors. The more the creditors days the good it is for the organisation. In case of VODAFONE the creditor’s day in 2008 was 199.4 days and in 2009 the number of days fall down to 189.2 days. As the number of days decreased to 10 days in a period of 1 year this might be because the capital must have been used to pay the acquisition and this might have risk for the company and other reason might be that VODAFONE has lot of contracts going on so this might not be good for the organisation.   (Jones, Ed 2006; www.zimbio.com) 7.   Stock turnover ratio in day: This ratio measures the speed with which stock moves out of business. This ratio varies from business to business and product to product. The stock turnover ratio for VODAFONE in 2008 was 6.95 days and in 2009 it was 5.81 days. So this has stock turnover ratio has improved in 2009 as compared to 2008 so it is good for the company because the sell their stock faster in 2009 as compared to 2008. Since the VODAFONE is the telecommunication company so they will have lower stock turnover compared to other organisation. (Jones, Ed 2006; Dyson, 2007) 8.   The fixed asset turnover ratio: This ratio compares sales to total assets employed. Business with large infrastructure will have lower ratios and vice versa. The fixed asst turnover ratio is same in 2008 and 2009 as 0.29. As the VODAFONE is Telecommunication Company so they don’t have big machinery or such big infrastructure like multinationals so it doesn’t make a big difference in this ratio. (Jones, Ed 2006; www.zimbio.com) Liquidity ratio: These ratios are obtained from balance sheet and tell how easily organisation can pay its debt, loan creditor such as bank and financers are particularly interested in these ratios. These ratios are divided into 2 parts: 9.   Current ratio: This shows whether short term assets cover short term liabilities. In the case of VODAFONE in 2008 the ratio was 0.39 where as in 2009 this increased to 0.46. the ratio in 2009 is good as compared to 2008 so the VODAFONE has improved in this aspect but overall this ratio should be 1.0 or more so this shows even though VODAFONE has made improvement in this ratio compared to 2008 but still the organisation might be in trouble so they should be careful when dealing with the liabilities and this could also because of the expansion plans which might be helpful for the organisation in near future. (www.zimbo .com) 10.   Quick ratio: This is also called acid test ratio. This measure short term liquidity. In 2008 VODAFONE has the result as 0.37 where as in 2009 this figure rose 0.45 which is good for the organisation but still this should be VODAFONE might need some extra funds or should opt to sanction some long term loans to improve the liquidity position and this should be helpful in the future. (Dyson, 2007; www.zimbo .com) Other ratios: 11. Gearing ratio: This ratio is a part of investment ratio. This represents the relationship between the ordinary shareholder funds and debt capital of company. In the case of VODAFONE the gearing ratio in 2008 long term ownership capital was 27.37% and in 2009 the figure rose to 32.04% which is not good for the organisation. The reason behind this might be that organisation has some long term loans and even not making the enough profit to pay the interest as well as give the share of profit to ordinary share holders.   (Jones, Ed 2006) 12. Cost of sales ratio: This is one of the important ratio as it helps the organisation to diagnose the sales for the year and shows whether is investing properly in cost of sales or not. In the case of VODAFONE the cost of sale ratio in 2008 was 61.70% and in 2009 it rose to 63.00% which is not good at all for the organisation. The reason might be that VODAFONE is investing lot in advertising and marketing which might be increasing their cost of sales so in order to run smoothly and earn more profit and revenue the group should cut down their cost of sales. (Jones, Ed 2006, Dyson, 2007) 13.   Return on equity: This measures corporate profitability by revealing how much profit a company generates with the money which share holders have invested. In the case of Vodafone return on equity in 2008 was 8.83% but by the end of 2009 this decreased to 3.63%. This shows that this is not good for the organisation. The reason might be as the borrowings have increased in 2009 comparatively to 2008 to almost more than half so company might be paying high interest so that’s why they were not able to have good return on equity. (Dyson, 2007) 14. Sale per employee ratio: This is measured to know how much sales has been made by single employee in a year. The sale per employee in case of Vodafone has increased in 2009 to  £58185 as it was  £49016 in 2008. The reason might be as Vodafone has gone global and acquired many parts of the world so there sales have increased comparatively to 2008 so the sale per employee ratio is high in 2009. The other reason could be as in recession the Vodafone has kept their margin constant to 14.27% but their competitors might have increased the margin so they might have got more customers which increased the sale per employee ratio. IMPACT OF CURRENT EVENTS ON VODAFONE Vodafone is operating and dealing in telecommunication sector from past two decades. But however if we have look onto the financial situation of the organisation it was not good at all in the financial year 2009. The foremost reason behind the downfall of the financial situation might be the span of global recession which hit the world badly and all the big multinationals as well. As we compare the revenue for 2009 with 2008 the revenue has increased but if we have a look on to the operating profit and profit after tax they significantly have come down almost the half which is not good indication for the organisation. The operating profit might have gone down because the cost of sales have increased that mean the Vodafone is spending a lot on the marketing and advertisement from their own budget so they need to cut down on the cost of sales. Even though Vodafone kept their margin constant as 14.27% but still got more revenue so the other reason for the downfall of profit might be that the group have invested the money in equipments and expansion plans which will be helpful in the near future. The reason behind the downfall of the profit after tax is that the company have increased the borrowings in 2009 comparatively to 2008 so they might have to pay the higher interest in 2009. But if we have a look on to the fixed assets which have increased in 2009 so that is good for the organisation because if they are investing they will be going to get profit out of that in the near future. These are the impact of the current events on the VODAFONE. CONCLUSION As we know the Vodafone is one of the largest telecommunication industries in the world. We have already analysed in this report the financial situation of Vodafone in 2008 and 2009 and according to the analysis it proved that the year 2009 was not good for the organisation in terms of profit as we compare this with the previous years. The reason behind this could be the world economic recession and other factor might be that the company might have borrowed lots of funds from the bank and other agencies so need to pay higher interest as compared to 2008 so that’s why the profit of the organisation has decreased to almost half. As we know Vodafone has spread throughout the world so in 2010 company would definitely going to achieve lot of revenue and profit as they have invested through their borrowings in 2009. As the organisation has already paid and invested a lot for the globalisation and marketing so they will be able to generate more sales and profit by the end of financial year 2010. The main revenue which Vodafone will be targeting is from the Asian and Middle East countries. Vodafone will also be planning to adopt some new strategies in 2010 to attract the more customers. As the organisation has captured some new shares in India so as it is a big market so they need to work out on their current strategies to acquire more customers in this sector of the world as they do have many rivals. So finally the revenue for Vodafone will improve in 2010 by the growth of mobile data and fixed broadband. Cost reduction targets will be delivered ahead of schedule enabling commercial reinvestment to improve market share which will further strengthen technology platforms. Vodafone, which is positioned to return to revenue growth during the 2010 financial year, as economic recovery should benefit our key markets. On the other hand, the Vodafone group may be going to be profitable in the near future. Their acquisitions and goodwill will still reap the benefits probably in the future and so the ability to be profitable has increased and the main reason is the total group increase of operations. So according to the reasons mentioned above the group will be adopting the different strategies and planning and even the world economic conditions are getting better so the year 2010 will be asset for the Vodafone. REFERENCE LIST: Vodafone official website. Available at www.vodafone.com, accessed on 1st May2010 Zimbo business.   ww.zimbio.com//Vodafone+Insight+2009+Comparison+Relative, accessed on 26th may 2010 Business dictionary. Available at www.businessdictionary.com, accessed 30th may 2010. Financial dictionary. Available at www.financialdictionary.thefreedictionary.com, accessed 30th may 2009. Jones Michael. (2006) Accounting, Chichester: Atrium. Atrill Peter Mclaney Eddie. (2004) Accounting and Finance for Non-Specialists, Harlow: Prentice Hall Dyson John R. (2007) Accounting for Non-Accounting Students, Harlow: Prentice Hall Pizzy Alan. (2001) Accounting and Finance, London: Cornwall APPENDIX 1 (BALANCE SHEET) For the years ended 31 March Note 2009  £m 2008  £m Non-current asset Goodwill 9 53,958 51,336 Other intangible assets 9 20,980 18,995 Property, plant and equipment 11 19,250 16,735 Investments in associated undertakings 14 34,715 22,545 Other investments 15 7,060 7,367 Deferred tax assets 6 630 436 Post employment benefits 26 8 65 Trade and other receivables 17 3,069 1,067   FIXED ASSETS 139,670 118,546 Current assets Inventory 16 412 417 Taxation recoverable 77 57 Trade and other receivables(DEBETS ) 17 7,662 6,551 Cash and cash equivalents 18 4,878 1,699 TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS 13,029 8,724 Total assets 152,699 127,270 Equity Called up share capital 19 4,153 4,182 Share premium account 21 43,008 42,934 Own shares held 21 (8,036) (7,856) Additional paid-in capital 21 100,239 100,151 Capital redemption reserve 21 10,101 10,054 Accumulated other recognised income and expense 22 20,517 10,558 Retained losses 23 (83,820) (81,980) Total equity shareholders’ funds 86,162 78,043 Minority interests 1,787 1,168 Written put options over minority interests (3,172) (2,740) Total minority interests (1,385) (1,572) Total equity 84,777 76,471 Non-current liabilities Long term borrowings 25 31,749 22,662 Deferred tax liabilities 6 6,642 5,109 Post employment benefits 26 240 104 Provisions 27 533 306 Trade and other payables 28 811 645   DEBT 39,975 28,826 Current liabilities Short term borrowings 25,  35 9,624 4,532 Current taxation liabilities 4,552 5,123 Provisions 27 373 356 Trade and other payables(CREDITORS) 28 13,398 11,962 27,947 21,973 Total equity and liabilities 152,699 127,270 APPENDIX 2 (INCOME STATEMENT) For the years ended 31 March Note 2009  £m 2008  £m Revenue 3 41,017 35,478 Cost of sales (25,842) (21,890) Gross profit 15,175 13,588 Selling and distribution expenses (2,738) (2,511) Administrative expenses (4,771) (3,878) Share of result in associated undertakings 14 4,091 2,876 Impairment losses 10 (5,900) – Other income and expense 30 – (28) Operating profit/(loss) 4 5,857 10,047 Non-operating income and expense 30 (44) 254 Investment income 5 795 714 Financing costs 5 (2,419) (2,014) Profit/(loss) before taxation 4,189 9,001 Income tax expense 6 (1,109) (2,245) Profit/(loss) for the financial year from continuing operations 3,080 6,756 Loss for the financial year from discontinued operations 30 – – Profit/(loss) for the financial year 3,080 6,756 Attributable to: – Equity shareholders 23 3,078 6,660 – Minority interests 2 96 3,080 6,756 Basic earnings/(loss) per share Profit/(loss) from continuing operations 8 5.84p 12.56p Loss from discontinued operations 8,  30 – – Profit/(loss) for the financial year 8 5.84p 12.56p Diluted earnings/(loss) per share Profit/(loss) from continuing operations 8 5.81p 12.50p Loss from discontinued operations 8,  30 – – Profit/(loss) for the financial year 8 5.81p 12.50p

MANAGING PEOPLE IN RETAIL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

MANAGING PEOPLE IN RETAIL - Essay Example Ð s retÐ °il orgÐ °nizÐ °tion, reporting relÐ °tionships chÐ °nge, spÐ °ns of control Ð °re modified, Ð °nd depÐ °rtmentÐ °l functions Ð °re Ð °ltered. In most retÐ °il orgÐ °nizÐ °tions, these chÐ °nges come in the fÐ °ce of relÐ °tively little premerger plÐ °nning. Ð lthough mÐ °ny firms consider the implicÐ °tions of structurÐ °l chÐ °nge on their orgÐ °nizÐ °tion, often such Ð °nÐ °lysis is cursory Ð °nd superficiÐ °l. This pÐ °per will introduce the elements of structure within the retÐ °il orgÐ °nizÐ °tion, then explore the relÐ °tionship Ð °mong structure, strÐ °tegy, Ð °nd culture. FinÐ °lly, the structurÐ °l chÐ °nges within retÐ °il orgÐ °nizÐ °tion strÐ °tegy is presented in the previous pÐ °ssÐ °ges of the pÐ °per. RetÐ °il orgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l structure hÐ °s numerous dimensions: formÐ °lizÐ °tion, speciÐ °lizÐ °tion, stÐ °ndÐ °rdizÐ °tion, hierÐ °rchy of Ð °uthority, complexity, centrÐ °lizÐ °tion, professionÐ °lism, Ð °nd personnel rÐ °tios. Ð mong them, complexity, formÐ °lizÐ °tion, Ð °nd centrÐ °lizÐ °tion Ð °re focÐ °l to our discussion of retÐ °il orgÐ °nizÐ °tion (see Figure 1). Complexity refers to the number Ð °nd vÐ °riety of hierÐ °rchicÐ °l lÐ °yers, job titles, Ð °nd divisions Ð °nd depÐ °rtments within Ð °n orgÐ °nizÐ °tion. The more lÐ °yers Ð °nd divisions, the higher the complexity of Ð °n orgÐ °nizÐ °tion. (BÐ °ddeleys, JÐ °mes, 1990) It is needed to sÐ °y thÐ °t the level of complexity vÐ °ries within the retÐ °il orgÐ °nizÐ °tion. Within Tesco, the legÐ °l depÐ °rtment hÐ °s mÐ °ny lÐ °yers of lÐ °wyers Ð °nd stÐ °ff members servicing the legÐ °l needs of different regions of the country, whereÐ °s mÐ °nufÐ °cturing mÐ °y hÐ °ve only one locÐ °tion with two hierÐ °rchicÐ °l levels. FormÐ °lizÐ °tion refers to the number Ð °nd content of rules Ð °nd regulÐ °tions present within Ð °n retÐ °il orgÐ °nizÐ °tion. The more written rules, stÐ °ndÐ °rd operÐ °ting procedures, Ð °nd policy mÐ °nuÐ °ls, the more formÐ °l Ð °n orgÐ °nizÐ °tion. The degree of formÐ °lizÐ °tion determines how mÐ °ny decisions Ð °re preprogrÐ °mmed, since

Enterprise Info Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Enterprise Info Security - Essay Example This may result in erratic program behavior, including memory access errors, incorrect results, a crash, or a breach of system security. They are thus the basis of many software vulnerabilities and can be maliciously exploited Understanding the difference between data and programs is a very important element of avoiding various overflow attacks. When one understands that data is just computer information while a program is the software screen, he or she can be able to apply new defense systems. It’s easy for someone to understand how to use the modern security features like Data Execution Prevention (DEP) can be applied in modern operating system like Mac OSX, Linus and Microsoft Windows. For example DEP works in two different ways; either its hardware encoded or software encoded. Software-encoded DEP do not protect data pages from execution of codes, but from another type of attack. Knowledge about this security features and operating systems is very important when one is loo king for the best defense against overflow attacks. Question 4.2 Consider a system that writes event numbers to its audit log and uses a table to translate these numbers into messages. What is the potential advantage of using this level of indirection in log file entries? What are the potential dangers? This system is the Computer Aided Dispatch System (CAD System). Potential advantage CAD system is a greater boost to public communication. These include providing instant and reliable communication through alarm connections, mobile data systems, and time and records management systems. Potential Dangers The design, development, purchase, and installation of CAD systems can be a complicated for both a medium or large-size public safety agency. It involves not only the installation of computers and the CAD software, but usually connection to a wide variety of other systems: alarm inputs, mobile data systems, time synchronization sources, records management systems. This process is ther efore very expensive and complicated to handle (Computer-Aided Dispatch Software Resource, Para 2). Question 4.3 How spoofing can be performed When a particular machine claims to own a particular IP address and the first machine sends all its messages to that machine. Using this attack, a machine can listen to all the traffic that a machine wants to send out. This happens when two machines are on the same network. Normally one machine sends a packet to the other machine IP address and the network routes back to its destination. This kind of attack is called ARP spoofing. RP doesn't have any way to check if a particular responding machine does in fact own a particular IP address. This can be exploited by having other machines claim to be certain IP addresses. Defenses against spoofing Some of the defense mechanism against spoofing includes; Guarding algorithm for ARP spoofing Updating ARP cache method Checking the ARP cache each and every time Information encryption Controlling by th e use of switching equipments Configuration of static ARP cache (Li, B., Dong, K., Dong, L. & Yang L.) Question 5.1 Explain the concept of dual signature used in SET (Secure Electronic Transfer) Protocol and its Components. Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) is system of protecting electronic transaction using credit cards online. This process uses the concept of dual signature. Dual signature concept operates in the following procedure; The owner of the card will take the cards payment information

Astronmy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Astronmy - Essay Example (PEI) 25) Erosional activity is closely related to planetary size and distance from the Sun. Accordingly, â€Å"larger worlds also have more erosion because their gravity retains an atmosphere.† (PEI 30) In addition, the closer a planet is to the sun, the hotter it is disabling rain, snow and ice to occur and effect erosional activity. So, planets close to the Sun have less erosion. In addition, other factors such as planets having liquid water sustain more erosion; and the rotation of the planets contribute to erosion. The faster the rotation of planets, the more susceptible for erosion due to more weather and a stronger magnetic field (PEI 32). Therefore, Mercury, Venus and the Moon share the following characteristics: (1) they are closer to the Sun; (2) they are smaller in size (compared to the Earth) cooling easier and hardening earlier therefore they do not retain an atmosphere; (3) Mercury and the Moon do not have geological activities; (4) it is more difficult for hot planets to retain an atmosphere. In these regard, these planets and the moon do not have significant erosion as compared to the

Fashion in the Twenty First Century | History of Fashion

Fashion in the Twenty First Century | History of Fashion Fashion has launched full throttle, changing outrageously through different eras of time. Have you ever thought about how much fashion has changed over the course of time? Have you wondered why it has changed so dramatically? Or how fast it could change? Although the way we dress now is completely different, it all revolves around making fashion statements. Fashion in the twenty first century is made from all the changes in the nineteenth and twentieth centurys and has impacted the lives of many people in different ways. During the nineteenth century, the clothes that men and woman wore were not always what would have been preferred to be worn. Depending on the time of the day would depend on which outfit a lady would wear. For a casual morning look, worn only at home would be a dress made with a short neckline, long slick pattern and would cover the majority of any skin exposed. For an evening look, a long short sleeved dress with an open neckline and white gloves would be what was usually seen. Woman would have tailors hand design replicas of professionally designed clothing at an affordable price to fit the latest styles (19th; Fashion through the Ages from Overcoats to Petticoats 13). During the mid 1800s, all outfits worn by woman were consisted of different materials to complete a whole wardrobe. The ensemble that woman wore, composed of pantalettes, chemise, corset and a petticoat. Pantalettes were an article of clothing wore under everything else. Pantalettes were leg length under garments made from linen or silk, designed with tucks and flounces to give a layered look toward the feet. A chemise, pronounced as shimmy, was the main one piece under garment worn over the pantalettes. A corset would be worn over the chemise; it is an article of clothing worn on the upper half of a woman, used to add lift to the bust area and to add shape to the waist and hips. The higher the waistline the better, a high waistline would draw attention away from the natural shape of the waistline. Due to how tightly a corset would be worn, caused health problems for some woman. The corset is pulled together so tightly that it would squeeze the inner organs of a womans body together causing digestive problems and may cause issues with giving birth to a child; also it could even result in death. According to the weather outside and the season would determine whether or not a petticoat would be necessary to wear. Gloves and bonnets were always worn. Long beautiful hair with possible curls through it was often seen during the early 1800s (Fashion through the Ages from Overcoats to Petticoats 14; 1900s; 19th;Fashion through). Through the 1850s to the1890s, new inventions had progressed. Synthetic dyes were invented to create a new variety of colors along with hoops that had come into effect, giving the new style of dress wear a way to be different. Hoops were a new style for woman to try and had become very popular. The thin steel wired dress made it fun for woman to look up to part. Having a new style approaching, the bodies of woman became odd. Due to the harsh bodily trauma caused by the corset most women developed an S shape body structure. The stomach would be pressed back and the breast would be pushed forward. Soon after the strange body change in a woman the corset was banned and officially out of style. Woman became more involved with activities around this time as well. Not being able to do much in a dress, more comfortable clothes were designed for woman; this included blouses and wide trousers. Also worn around this time were womens suits, which were a tailored jacket, a skirt and a blouse you could tuck into the skirt (Fashion Change; Fashion through the Ages from Overcoats to Petticoats 15). From the nineteenth century to the twentieth century fashion changed drastically, going from hoops, which was a large ensemble to more slender apparel. During the early twentieth century, corsets had come back in to action with a softer feel on a woman, making the S shape more relaxing. In the 1920s, women were known as a flapper, overcoming a boyish look, due to the short haircuts; such as the bob, short skirts, and straight dresses. Woman insisted on working and being more involved with sports during this time. Designers started to try out new hemlines, making them long in the back but shorter in the front. Waistlines were exceptionally low at this time, while hemlines were just below the knee (Fashion through the Ages from Overcoats to Petticoats 16-19;Pidduck). Starting a new look during the 1930s to the 1960s was complicated. Due to WWII; shortage of fabric and materials made outfit choices simpler for woman to choose what to wear. A square shouldered jacket, pencil skirt, with an endearing blouse was an outfit seen everyday around this time. Fashion had took a turn by the 1960s, teenagers wanted to have a different style than their parents did. Designers Mary Quant and Barbara Hulanicki made geometric shaped clothes for young teens, which made it fun and interesting to get dressed every day. Miniskirts had expanded across the world for being known as Americas high fashion. Miniskirts were long skirts cut just above the knees or possibly cut shorter. Dresses were cut to be slimming against the body and bell bottoms were a big hit in the 60s. Men and woman both wore bell bottoms with plat form shoes, due to having that outrageous disco fever. According to Perry Clement, During the 1960s woman would burn their bras and go bra less to fight f or equal rights against men, this was also known as the free love era. During the 1980s, sweaters and leather dresses were worn very tightly to show off body features, also seen on women around this time were halter tops with a shirt that could be tied in a knot to show off stomach features with bell bottom jeans. Throughout the rest of the 1900s, fashion had taken a spin. All the colors became loud and ravishing along with the change of fabrics and new cuts. The pattern schemes were extreme changing from classy to sassy. Hair styles became more advanced changing from long curly hair, to having layered hair, shorter hair or possibly even having up-dos done took affect during the 1900s (Clement; Fashion through the Ages from Overcoats to Petticoats 20-23; Pidduck; Fashion through). Wear what is right for you, and put your own stamp on it. The way people dress these days can be influenced by how people dressed during the nineteenth and twentieth centurys. Every outfit has different materials and accessories combined together to make on look, such as jeans, a stunning blouse, tennis shoes or flats, and accessories. Older fashion has made a fashion statement impacting the lives of everyone now. The way people dress now would not be the way it is if it was not for the nineteenth and twentieth century. The way clothes are cut, the different techniques on colors used, and how people physically wear clothes are all related to how people wore clothes then, due to the success made from fashion over the years (Roppatte 76; ). During this time of the twenty first century, fashion has taken a few steps back. Designers are not only focusing on the next big thing but are also focusing on how to bring the past into the future. Miniskirts are still a major style worn now by teenagers with the added accessory of leggings; which are skin tight multicolored tights, worn underneath the skirt along with a daring blouse. Many women now, wear blue jeans and t-shirts for a more comfortable ensemble. For a night out on the town, V neck blouses with low rise jeans could possibly be worn or for a more elegant look, a long shear gown with matching gloves and high heels could also be seen. New millennium fashion is composed of the 60s, 70s and the 80s mixed together to make the 2000s a major fashion statement. If it was not for fashion designers dedication to making clothes throughout the past years, then many people would not be as involved with fashion as they are today (Roppatte 78). Fashion is a small word, with many different characteristics. Unlike the nineteenth century, we now wear whatever we want whenever we want. The twentieth century changed the output on women by giving them the right to fight for what they wanted to wear. Looking back on fashion in the nineteenth and twentieth centurys has impacted the lives of people every day. Fashion now from then has changed but yet it is still the same in many ways. Do not under estimate what goes out of style, what goes out will always come back.

Surviving the Unthinkable Essay -- Psychology

We are never truly prepared for a catastrophic event but we spend plenty of time worrying about what we are going to do in one situation or another. We as human beings, much like animals, are hard-wired with survival skills; though sometimes our brains don’t always choose the right response. There are different tendencies the human brain leans toward in a life-threatening event or situation. Situational awareness and normalcy bias are two main tendencies that are displayed in disasters or extreme stress situations. These responses are not only achieved by experiencing a traumatic event but also by high risk activities such as sky diving and skiing. In the following paragraphs I will discuss how the brain responds to catastrophes and risky situations and how it can be a matter of survival and death. We all respond in different ways in the event of a disaster. But there are a few key things that happen to everyone in an event. In the first chapter of The Unthinkable, Zedeno states she was overwhelmed with a feeling of peace and calm when she found herself trapped in an elevator in the World Trade Center during the attempted detonation of a car bomb. During the events of September 11th, it was also pointed out by Zedeno that she observed co-workers making phone calls and shutting down their computers, not realizing the urgency of the situation. In most instances people fall into a kind of fog where they have a hard time focusing on the reality of the situation. This tendency is called normalcy bias. This â€Å"fog† causes people to underestimate the disaster and its effects. People also tend to interpret warnings in the most optimistic way possible, making the situation seem less serious (Spalding). Our brains often perceive danger a... ...om/2006/09/29/world/americas/29iht-profile.2981944.html?pagewanted=2&_r=2>. Spalding, Steven. "Normalcy Bias." How to split an atom. 29 08 2010. Web. 3 Dec 2010. . Swink , David F. "Adrenaline Rushes: Can They Help Us Deal with a Real Crisis?." Threat Management. Psychology Today, January 31, 2010. Web. 3 Dec 2010. . "Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571." Wikipedia. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 02-12-2010. Web. 3 Dec 2010. . "Survival Stories #4: Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 Andes Rugby Team Disaster." Spike. Spike.com, 29 08 2009. Web. 4 Dec 2010. .

Adlerian Theory-Birth Order, Gender, Family Values

Adlerian’s Family Constellation Focusing on Birth Order, Gender, and Family Values Brittany Teal Bellevue University Applied Counseling Theories March 27, 2012 Abstract Diving into Adlerian’s Theory and focus on family, there are three main components to take into consideration to define how children might be defined as adults. The three factors include: birth order, gender, and family values. Birth order can make a difference in defining adult personality and behaviors. Gender can play a role with its views of society and the acceptance of the up kept expectations.Family values play a role simply because it defines who the family is and makes the future generations structured and stable. Adlerian’s Family Constellation Focusing on Birth Order, Gender, and Family Values Focusing on how one’s life may be affected behaviorally and psychologically can be based off of the factors that are out of an individual’s control. When stating this sentence, it ma y seem confusing to know that an individual had the possibility of being â€Å"judged† or â€Å"defined† on the day they were born.With this being said, the uncontrollable, but life-shaping factors include birth order, gender, and family values. Although it is important to note that these factors will not always determine the life outcome of an individual, they will, however, create a formation of life for an individual to follow. Bringing attention to birth order first, knowing how the first born, middle, and last born child can be affected immediately can possibly define a lot about how the individual’s future could turn out. The first born child can often be described as the busy, attention receiver (Shulman & Mosak 1977).On the flip side, the first born often is held to the highest expectations to uphold in the future due to the self control and respectful domineer they portray. The reason for this can be based off of the parent’s abilities to revolve their lives around engaging their child in multiple activities and organizations. This can have a lasting result on the child into adulthood in the case where they are attention seeking due to the loss of receiving it for the time they did when they were young (Carlson & Sperry 2006).Next the focus moves to the middle child. The middle child seems to be the one getting loss in the mix and often found in a competition for attention (Shulman & Mosak 1977). In most cases, the middle child is one who does not get to participate in as many activities as the first born, but still gets involvement in major activities and functions (Shulman & Mosak 1977). The middle child can also sometimes be known as the â€Å"diplomat. † They are this simply because they get caught up in the middle between the oldest and youngest sibling.Often times it becomes natural responsibility for the middle child to be the mediator between siblings (Shulman & Mosak 1977). Finally we move onto the last born child, the â€Å"baby. † The last born child can be defined as â€Å"ambitious. † An explanation to support this statement is that the youngest sibling is often times surrounded by mature adults who seem to give much attention (Shulman & Mosak 1977). They also have this lifestyle due to being dependent on the older influences in their lives.When this type of behavior is allowed at a young age, the child grows into adulthood with knowing no different. On the plus side of this, the ambition the youngest child displays can often times result in success and a bright future for the youngest born (Carlson & Sperry 2006). All in all, there can sometimes be more children in the mix, but results stay similar to the main three orders listed. Next the focus turns to gender effects on individuals as they enter adulthood from the Adlerian views’.When a child is born, he or she is automatically placed into the acceptable gender roles of society. When this occurs and as the c hild ages, he or she will decided whether or not they want to accept, reject, or adapt to the role expectations that they are given (Lindsey & Christie 1997). This becomes very challenging to exactly define how an individual will be affected into adulthood due to the outside factors and influences that can take a toll on one’s life. Gender roles are something usually defined in childhood and carried into adulthood, ut as society changes and roles become more adverse, it is difficult to say how set and stone these roles will be (Carlson & Sperry 2006). Overall, it is obvious one picks up gender roles on the day they are born, but it is up to the individual themselves to decide whether or not they want to maintain those roles throughout their lifestyle. Finally family values come into the picture when defining an individual as an adult. Family values are not only just standards up kept by family, but more or less what create a baseboard for the function of a family.There are mu ltiple components that get taken into consideration when focusing just on family values and they are the beliefs, morals, and convictions that both the mother and father have implied to their family lifestyle (Juel 1993). With these factors being apparent at birth and throughout childhood, the individuals have choices as to whether or not they want to agree, disagree, or adopt their own family values. In most cases, children carry these values through adulthood which results in the family lifestyle getting pasted from generation to generation.To sum it all up, it takes cooperation and trust for a family to clearly define and keep family values a tradition throughout a lifetime. References Carlson, J. , & Sperry, L. (2006). Adlerian therapy. Relationship Dysfunction: A Practitioner's Guide to Comparative Treatments, 102. Juel, E. J. (1993). Non-Traditional Family Values: Providing Quasi-Marital Rights to Same-Sex Couples. BC Third World LJ, 13, 317. Lindsey, L. L. , ; Christie, S. (1 997). Gender roles. Prentice Hall. Shulman, B. H. , ; Mosak, H. H. (1977). Birth order and ordinal position: Two Adlerian views. Journal of Individual Psychology, 33(1), 114-121. Adlerian Theory-Birth Order, Gender, Family Values Adlerian’s Family Constellation Focusing on Birth Order, Gender, and Family Values Brittany Teal Bellevue University Applied Counseling Theories March 27, 2012 Abstract Diving into Adlerian’s Theory and focus on family, there are three main components to take into consideration to define how children might be defined as adults. The three factors include: birth order, gender, and family values. Birth order can make a difference in defining adult personality and behaviors. Gender can play a role with its views of society and the acceptance of the up kept expectations.Family values play a role simply because it defines who the family is and makes the future generations structured and stable. Adlerian’s Family Constellation Focusing on Birth Order, Gender, and Family Values Focusing on how one’s life may be affected behaviorally and psychologically can be based off of the factors that are out of an individual’s control. When stating this sentence, it ma y seem confusing to know that an individual had the possibility of being â€Å"judged† or â€Å"defined† on the day they were born.With this being said, the uncontrollable, but life-shaping factors include birth order, gender, and family values. Although it is important to note that these factors will not always determine the life outcome of an individual, they will, however, create a formation of life for an individual to follow. Bringing attention to birth order first, knowing how the first born, middle, and last born child can be affected immediately can possibly define a lot about how the individual’s future could turn out. The first born child can often be described as the busy, attention receiver (Shulman & Mosak 1977).On the flip side, the first born often is held to the highest expectations to uphold in the future due to the self control and respectful domineer they portray. The reason for this can be based off of the parent’s abilities to revolve their lives around engaging their child in multiple activities and organizations. This can have a lasting result on the child into adulthood in the case where they are attention seeking due to the loss of receiving it for the time they did when they were young (Carlson & Sperry 2006).Next the focus moves to the middle child. The middle child seems to be the one getting loss in the mix and often found in a competition for attention (Shulman & Mosak 1977). In most cases, the middle child is one who does not get to participate in as many activities as the first born, but still gets involvement in major activities and functions (Shulman & Mosak 1977). The middle child can also sometimes be known as the â€Å"diplomat. † They are this simply because they get caught up in the middle between the oldest and youngest sibling.Often times it becomes natural responsibility for the middle child to be the mediator between siblings (Shulman & Mosak 1977). Finally we move onto the last born child, the â€Å"baby. † The last born child can be defined as â€Å"ambitious. † An explanation to support this statement is that the youngest sibling is often times surrounded by mature adults who seem to give much attention (Shulman & Mosak 1977). They also have this lifestyle due to being dependent on the older influences in their lives.When this type of behavior is allowed at a young age, the child grows into adulthood with knowing no different. On the plus side of this, the ambition the youngest child displays can often times result in success and a bright future for the youngest born (Carlson & Sperry 2006). All in all, there can sometimes be more children in the mix, but results stay similar to the main three orders listed. Next the focus turns to gender effects on individuals as they enter adulthood from the Adlerian views’.When a child is born, he or she is automatically placed into the acceptable gender roles of society. When this occurs and as the c hild ages, he or she will decided whether or not they want to accept, reject, or adapt to the role expectations that they are given (Lindsey & Christie 1997). This becomes very challenging to exactly define how an individual will be affected into adulthood due to the outside factors and influences that can take a toll on one’s life. Gender roles are something usually defined in childhood and carried into adulthood, ut as society changes and roles become more adverse, it is difficult to say how set and stone these roles will be (Carlson & Sperry 2006). Overall, it is obvious one picks up gender roles on the day they are born, but it is up to the individual themselves to decide whether or not they want to maintain those roles throughout their lifestyle. Finally family values come into the picture when defining an individual as an adult. Family values are not only just standards up kept by family, but more or less what create a baseboard for the function of a family.There are mu ltiple components that get taken into consideration when focusing just on family values and they are the beliefs, morals, and convictions that both the mother and father have implied to their family lifestyle (Juel 1993). With these factors being apparent at birth and throughout childhood, the individuals have choices as to whether or not they want to agree, disagree, or adopt their own family values. In most cases, children carry these values through adulthood which results in the family lifestyle getting pasted from generation to generation.To sum it all up, it takes cooperation and trust for a family to clearly define and keep family values a tradition throughout a lifetime. References Carlson, J. , & Sperry, L. (2006). Adlerian therapy. Relationship Dysfunction: A Practitioner's Guide to Comparative Treatments, 102. Juel, E. J. (1993). Non-Traditional Family Values: Providing Quasi-Marital Rights to Same-Sex Couples. BC Third World LJ, 13, 317. Lindsey, L. L. , ; Christie, S. (1 997). Gender roles. Prentice Hall. Shulman, B. H. , ; Mosak, H. H. (1977). Birth order and ordinal position: Two Adlerian views. Journal of Individual Psychology, 33(1), 114-121.